Yes, you can start a sentence with and.

There’s a persistent myth that when you're writing in English, you‘re not allowed to start a sentence with the word and.

This is utter rubbish. There is not, and never has been, such a rule.

Writers do it in books and magazines bazillions of times every day, and linguists and grammarians have been saying loudly and clearly for decades that, really, it's totally fine.


This website exists solely to squish this myth once and for all

Every day, millions of people deny themselves and their readers the innocent pleasures of sentences beginning with and, because of this misguided sense that it's wrong. We’re here to say it’s OK. You can do it. And everything will be fine.

But it's going to be a fight

Part of the reason this myth is so persistent is down to the And Police: the finger-wagging teachers and the pontificating pedants who just love to seize on any old grammatical rule they can use to flaunt their so-called superiority. They scribble with their red pens and clack away in track changes, relishing the chance to tell others they have DONE THEIR SENTENCES WRONGLY, thereby keeping the And myth alive.

Together, we will stop them

We will do it in the only way these wrong-headed know-it-alls will listen: we will show them that People Who Are Much Cleverer Than They Are Say It’s Perfectly Fine To Start A Sentence With The Word And. And we will show them that People Who Are Much Better At Writing Than They Are Do it All The Time. And we will do this repeatedly. And we will make such a flipping song and dance about it that pretty soon, if ever the subject comes up in any school or workplace, in any part of the world, someone will know to google this site, and the matter will be settled. And we can all spend our time thinking about other things instead.

And you'd like to help?

We want to gather the single largest collection of Clever Language People debunking this myth that has ever been gathered. We also want to compile the definitive library of examples from ‘respected’ sources. (And by ‘respected’, we simply mean ‘sources that teachers and pedants won’t be able to dismiss or scoff at’.) So, if you find examples we don't have, we'd love to add them to our collection. Please get in touch.


What the experts say

ALMOST every serious grammar book and style guide addresses the question of whether you can start a sentence with and. And guess what? They all say yes, of course you can start a sentence with and. In fact, many of them take the opportunity to vent their frustration with the pernicious little myth. We're gathering every reference we can find here. Spotted one we could add to our list? Please let us know.

There used to be an idea that it was inelegant to begin a sentence with and. The idea is now as good as dead. To use and in this position can be a useful way of indicating that what you are about to say will reinforce what you have just said.

— Sir Ernest Gowers, from Plain Words (1948).

Many children are taught that it is ungrammatical to begin a sentence with a conjunction (what I have been calling a coordinator). Because they sometimes write in fragments. And are shaky about when to use periods. And when to capitalize. Teachers need a simple way to teach them how to break sentences, so they tell them that sentences beginning with and and other conjunctions are ungrammatical.

Whatever the pedagogical merits may be of feeding children misinformation, it is inappropriate for adults. There is nothing wrong with beginning a sentence with a coordinator... As we saw in chapter 5, and, but and so are among the commonest coherence markers, and they may be used to begin a sentence whenever the clauses being connected are too long or complicated to fit comfortably into a single megasentence. I've begun about a hundred sentences with and or but in [this] book so far.

— Professor Steven Pinker, from A Sense of Style (2014) (Stephen Pinker is a cognitive scientist, linguist and Harvard Professor of Psychology.)

The idea that and must not begin a sentence, or even a paragraph, is an empty superstition. The same goes for but. Indeed either word can give unimprovably early warning of the sort of thing that is to follow.

— Kingsley Amis, from The King's English, (1997)

Objection is sometimes taken to employment of but or and at the beginning of a sentence; but for this there is much good usage.

— Adams Sherman Hill, from The Principles of Rhetoric (1896)

There is a widespread belief—one with no historical or grammatical foundation—that it is an error to begin a sentence with a conjunction such as and, but or so. In fact, a substantial percentage (often as many as 10 percent) of the sentences in first-rate writing begin with conjunctions. It has been so for centuries, and even the most conservative grammarians have followed this practice.

— The Chicago Manual of Style

During the 19th century, some schoolteachers took against the practice of beginning a sentence with a word like but or and, presumably because they noticed the way young children overused them in their writing. But instead of gently weaning the children away from overuse, they banned the usage altogether! Generations of children were taught they should ‘never’ begin a sentence with a conjunction. Some still are.

— David Crystal, from The Story of English in 100 Words

If your teachers or your organization are inflexible about this issue, then you should respect their opinion, but ultimately, it’s just a point of view and you’re not being ungrammatical. If you want to defend your position, you can say that it’s particularly useful to start a sentence with these conjunctions if you’re aiming to create a dramatic or forceful effect.

— The Oxford Dictionary words blog

There is a persistent belief that it is improper to begin a sentence with and, but this prohibition has been cheerfully ignored by standard authors from Anglo-Saxon times onwards.

— RW Burchfield, from New Fowler’s Modern English Usage

A prejudice lingers from the days of schoolmarmish rhetoric that a sentence should never begin with and.

The supposed rule is without foundation in grammar, logic, or art.

— Modern American Usage (1966)

In use

There are so many examples to choose from it’s difficult to know where to start. If you check any national newspaper on any day of the week, you’ll find sentences beginning with and on nearly every page. Open any novel, and they’ll be there in any chapter. So, given that as a casual reader, you’re never more than a few sentences away from one starting with and, we thought we’d collect here only the real humdingers. The examples that make you sit up and go “blimey, there’s even a sentence starting with and there!” We'd love your contributions. So, do get in touch.

In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.

And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness [was] upon the face of the deep.

And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.

And God said, Let there be light: and there was light.

And God saw the light, that [it was] good: and God divided the light from the darkness.

And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night.

And the evening and the morning were the first day.

— Genesis, Chapter 1, The King James Bible

Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.

— The US Constitution Article. IV, Section 1

And did those feet in ancient time

Walk upon Englands mountains green:

And was the holy Lamb of God,

On Englands pleasant pastures seen!

— William Blake, 'Jerusalem', from 'Preface to Milton a Poem', 1810

St Kevin and the blackbird

And then there was St Kevin and the blackbird.

The saint is kneeling, arms stretched out, inside

His cell, but the cell is narrow, so

— Seamus Heaney. 'St Kevin and the blackbird' (first verse), from the collection Spirit Level, Faber 1996.

Nevertheless that a male dissembler who by deluging her with untenable fictions charms the female wisely, may acquire powers reaching to the extremity of perdition, is a truth taught to many by unsought and wringing occurences. And some profess to have attained the same knowledge by experiment and aforesaid, and jauntily continue their indulgence in such experiments with terrible effect. Sergeant Troy was one.

— Thomas Hardy, Far From the Madding Crowd, 1874

And thus they live unto hir lives ende

In parfit joye; and Jhesu Crist us sende

Housbondes meeke, yonge, and fressh abedde.

And grace t'overbide her that we wedde;

— Geoffrey Chaucer, The Wife of Bath's Tale, The Canterbury Tales c1405-1410

The happiness anticipated by Catherine and Lydia depended less on any single event, or any particular person; for though they each, like Elizabeth, meant to dance half the evening with Mr. Wickham, he was by no means the only partner who could satisfy them, and a ball was, at any rate, a ball. And even Mary could assure her family that she had no disinclination for it.

— Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, 1813

PROSPERO:

A devil, a born devil on whose nature

Nurture can never stick, on whom my pains,

Humanely taken, all, all lost, quite lost.

And as with age his body uglier grows,

So his mind cankers. I will plague them all,

Even to roaring.

— William Shakespeare, The Tempest, Act IV, scene I.

Most of the big shore places were closed now and there were hardly any lights except the shadowy, moving glow of a ferryboat across the Sound. And as the moon rose higher the inessential houses began to melt away until gradually I became aware of the old island here that flowered once for Dutch sailors’ eyes – a fresh, green breast of the new world. Its vanished trees, the trees that had made way for Gatsby’s house, had once pandered in whispers to the last and greatest of all human dreams; for a transitory enchanted moment man must have hekd his breath in the presence of this continent, compelled into an aesthetic contemplation he neither understood nor desired, face to face for the last time in history with something commensurate to his capacity for wonder.

And as I sat there brooding on the old, unknown world, I thought of Gatsby’s wonder when he first picked out the green light at the end of Daisy’s dock. He had come a long way to this blue lawn, and his dream must have seemed so close that he could hardly fail to grasp it. He did not know that it was already behind him, somewhere back in that vast obscurity beyond the city, where the dark fields of the republic rolled on under the night.

Gatsby believed in the green light, the orgiastic future that year by year recedes before us. It eluded us then, but that’s no matter – to-morrow we will run faster, stretch our arms farther… And one fine morning –

So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past.

— F Scott Fitzgerald, (the last page of) The Great Gatsby, 1925.

I’ve been paid to write things – as a journalist, copywriter, cartoonist, and language strategist for over 20 years. And in that time, the question I reckon I’ve been asked the most is ‘can you really start a sentence with and’. This website is, in part, an attempt to not have to have that conversation so often. There are so many more interesting things to talk about.

It’s weird, when you think about it, that this little stylistic admonition has wormed its way so deeply into the minds of so many people. We first hear it at school. But, well, we’re told lots of things at school, and we forget, dismiss or reassess almost all of it. Funny how this one sticks.

I think people ask it because they have a sneaking suspicion that it’s a load of old cobblers. (The intonation people most often use is ‘is it really true that you can’t start a sentence with and...?’) And it’s possible that what they’re asking – what we’re all asking, perhaps – is ‘is it true that all rules are but fictions and we are all, if we so choose, masters of our own destiny?’

​Or perhaps not.